废纸回收材料化利用研究进展

简述了国内外废纸回收利用现状,重点阐述了废纸在建筑填料、制备高附加值纤维衍生物以及复合材料等方面的利用研究现状,并针对废纸材料利用过程中存在的高吸水率和弱结合界面等问题提出了相应的解决方法和研究方向。     

土壤氮素内循环对生态覆被变化响应的研究进展

随着人口增长对粮食需求的不断提高,人类对自然生态系统扰动频繁,生态覆被/土地利用变化伴随着土壤活性氮库、氮形态组分及氮素内循环过程的改变,直接影响生态系统的持续与稳定,进而引起全球气候变暖,生物多样性减少等诸多生态环境问题。生态覆被/土地利用变化是全球生态系统变化的重要内容。本综述探讨了活性氮的基本概念及其引发的环境效应,国内外自然生态系统中森林与草地间转换、自然生态系统开垦为农田、弃耕撂荒或退耕还林还草、城市化发展等生态覆被/土地利用变化对土壤氮库消长、氮矿化产物形态变化以及影响氮循环的关键土壤微生物影响等,并探讨了制约氮循环的土壤微生物研究进展。指出农业开垦或农田弃耕撂荒会导致土壤全氮大幅度下降,同时引起土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)增加,造成环境活性氮增加的风险;退耕还林修复生态覆被过程中氮库完全恢复需要漫长的时间;运用现代微生物分子生态学的前沿技术是研究土壤氮循环对生态覆被/土地利用变化响应机理的关键。本综述为自然生态系统的保护与开发利用、退化生态系统的修复与重建以及人工生态系统的科学规划等提供了理论依据。     

Straw mulching with fertilizer nitrogen: An approach for improving crop yield,soil nutrients and enzyme activities

Field experiments were conducted to study soil properties, soil enzymes activities, water use efficiency (WUE) and crop productivity after six years of soya bean straw mulching in the semi‐arid conditions of China. The experiment included four treatments: CK (Control), N (240 kg N ha^‐1), H (soya bean straw mulching at half rate 700 kg ha^‐1 with 240 kg N ha^‐1) and F (soya bean straw mulching at full rate 1,400 kg ha^‐1 with 240 kg N ha^‐1). Soil organic carbon (SOC), soil labile organic carbon (LOC), soil available N (AN), available P (AP) and enzyme activities were analysed after wheat harvesting in 2016 and 2017. Results show that straw amounts had positive effects on the soil fertility indices being higher for treatment F. The SOC, LOC, AN, AP and enzyme activities (i.e. saccharase, urease and alkaline phosphatase) were in the order of F > H > N > CK. High wheat grain yield and WUE were observed for F treatment. A total of six years mulching along with 240 kg ha^‐1 nitrogen fertilizer application is sufficient for wheat yield stability and improving soil properties except urease activities in the semi‐arid condition of China. However, the straw mulching amount should be further studied with minimum nitrogen fertilizer for an environment‐friendly and effective approach for improving the soil biological properties with adequate crop production on a sustainable basis in the semi‐arid region of China.     

Air-drying changes the distribution of Hedley phosphorus pools in forest soils

Hedley labile phosphorus(P)pools in soil tend to be several times larger than annual forest requirements,even in highly weathered soils characterized by P limitation.The discrepancy between plant and soil P status could be partly attributable to the frequently adopted air-drying pretreatment that tends to increase soil P solubility.In this study,the effects of air-drying on the distribution of Hedley P fractions were examined using soils collected under 4 forest types at Gongga Mountain,southwestern China.The results showed that the microbial biomass P(Pmic)in the organic horizon decreased markedly after air-drying.The concentrations of Hedley labile P in the air-dried samples were 31%–73%more than those in the field-moist samples.Consequently,the air-drying-induced increments of Hedley labile P pools in the surface soil horizons were 0.8–3.8 times the annual plant P requirements.The organic horizon was more susceptible to the air-drying-induced increases in Hedley labile P than the mineral horizon,probably because of the stronger release of Pmicand disruption of soil organic matter.The quality of P,indexed by the ratio of Hedley labile P to slowly cycling P,shifted in favor of the Hedley labile fractions after air-drying,further revealing that air-drying changed the distribution of Hedley P pools in forest soils.These indicated that the effects of air-drying could not be ignored when interpreting the discrepancy between the P status of plants and the Hedley labile P pools in forest soils.To more efficiently evaluate the P status in forest soils via the Hedley fractionation procedure,the use of field-moist soils is recommended.     

浅谈“十四五”土壤肥力与土壤养分循环分支学科发展战略

土壤肥力与土壤养分循环分支学科是土壤学科中应用性较强的学科,悠久的发展历史积累了极为丰富的文献资料,在评价和利用土壤资源,提高作物产量和养分利用率,减少环境污染中发挥着重要作用。"十四五"期间土壤肥力与土壤养分循环分支学科应加强土壤养分转化过程、速率、产物及其影响因素的基础性研究。鉴于我国大宗作物种植强度下降,集约化设施种植面积增加的两极化发展现状和减肥减药维持生态环境安全的国家需求,"十四五"期间,土壤肥力与土壤养分循环分支学科应加强以下针对性研究:1)休耕轮作对土壤肥力的影响及通过休耕轮作维持和提高土壤肥力的原理、途径和方法;2)高度集约化种植条件下快速恢复土壤肥力,保持土壤健康和有效利用土壤养分的科学管理原理、途径和方法;3)实现土壤-作物-环境相互契合,充分发挥土壤肥力,高效利用土壤养分的基础科学问题。     

The role of lignin and cellulose in the carbon-cycling of degraded soils under semiarid climate and their relation to microbial biomass

A high level of biological degradation is usually observed in soils under semiarid climate where the low inputs of vegetal debris constraint the development of microbiota. Among vegetal inputs, cellulose and lignin are dominant substrates but their assimilation by the microbial community of semiarid soils is yet not understood. In the present study, ¹³C-labeled cellulose and ¹³C-labeled lignin (75 μg ¹³C g⁻¹ soil) were added to two semiarid soils with different properties and degradation level. Abanilla soil is a bare, highly degraded soil without plant cover growing on it and a total organic C content of 5.0 g kg⁻¹; Santomera soil is covered by plants (20% coverage) based on xerophytic shrubs and has a total organic C content of 12.0 g kg⁻¹. The fate of added carbon was evaluated by analysis of the carbon isotope signature of bulk soil-derived carbon and extractable carbon fractions (water and sodium-pyrophosphate extracts). At long-term (120 days), we observed that the stability of cellulose- and lignin-derived carbon was dependent on their chemical nature. The contribution of lignin-derived carbon to the pool of humic substances was higher than that of cellulose. However, at short-term (30 days), the mineralization of the added substrates was more related to the degradation level of soils (i.e. microbial biomass). Stable isotope probing (SIP) of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA-SIP) analysis revealed that just a minor part of the microbial community assimilated the carbon derived from cellulose and lignin. Moreover, the relative contribution of each microbial group to the assimilation of lignin-derived carbon was different in each soil.     

围栏禁牧与放牧对草地生态系统固碳能力的影响

草地生态系统固碳能力对全球碳贮量的大小有重要影响。放牧作为草地最广泛的利用方式之一影响着草地的碳贮量,过度和不合理的放牧方式造成草地退化,引起草地碳的损失。围栏禁牧与放牧对草地生态系统固碳能力的影响主要包括对植被生产力和土壤碳贮量的影响,本文对有关的报道进行了综述。结果显示,由于受植被凋落物、群落结构和气候等多因素的影响,围栏禁牧对草地植被生产力有正面或负面的效应;放牧对植被生产力的影响也没有一致的结果,此外,放牧对植被生产力的影响还与放牧的强度有关。围栏禁牧与放牧可以通过多种途径对草地土壤碳贮量产生正面或负面的影响。总之,围栏禁牧与放牧对草地生态系统固碳能力的影响是复杂多样的,需要对草地碳贮量进行估算,并对相关的机制进行研究,这样才能在草地管理方面做出合理的决策。     

竹材是我国制造OSB的一种潜在原料

定向刨花板(OSB)是近20年人造板家族中发展最迅速的一种板材。国外已呈现原料供应不足状况。我国OSB制造业正在起步阶段,将来也会面临原料资源问题。我国是世界第一产竹大国,通过分析竹材的理化性质和采用毛竹进行压板试验,结果表明竹材极有可能替代木材成为制造OSB的一种新原料。     

秦岭松栎林带生物量及其营养元素分布特征

秦岭脱齿栎林、油松林和华山林（包括０－６０cm土层）营养元素总贮量达２９．２５００－３９０．１７３９t.hm^-2，其大小为锐齿栎林＞华山松＞油松林，土壤中营养现贮量占系统总量的９３．１０％－９９．３９％，植被层和凋落物层仅占０．５７％－３．００％和０．１０％－１．９９％；３林分乔木层生物量、木材蓄积量和营养元素积累量平均值分别为１２０．４８３t.hm^-2,129.384m^3.hm^-2和１２２６．９kg.hm^-2，锐齿栎林＞油松林＞华山松林。３林分林下植被层生物量现存量和营养元素积累量平均值分别为１．５５３t.hm^-2和５３．１kg.hm^-2，锐齿栎林最大，华山松林最小。林下凋落物现存量和营养元素积量平均值分别为１７．４７５t.hm^-2和５０２．５kg.hm^-2，３林分凋落物现存量、营养元素含量及其积累量都存在明显的差异。锐齿栎林、油松林和华山松林营养元素年吸收量、归还量、存留量和平均归还率分别为３３．４、１４７．２和２６４．３，１９５．６、６６．９和８４．１，１３８．８、８０．４和１８０．２kg.hm^-2和０．５８５、０４５４和０．３１８，３林分各营养元素的年吸收量，归还量和存留量也存在一定的差异，锐齿栎林干和皮中Ｃa和Ｍg含量远远高于油松林和华山松林的，锐齿栎林多代连作势必导致营养元素的大量流失，特别是Ｃa和Ｍg，会破坏土壤原有离子动态平衡，引起林地土壤理化性质改变，林地生产潜力逐渐下降。     

Seasonal variation of inorganic nitrogen and net mineralization in a salt marsh ecosystem

Inorganic nitrogen pools and net mineralization were estimated in three sites of a Tagus estuary salt marsh in Portugal throughout 1 year. Ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) was the major form of inorganic nitrogen found in the salt marsh soil. Extractable NH₄ ⁺ concentrations showed a marked seasonal pattern with a concentration peak during the hotter months of July/August. The great majority (>99%) of the total nitrogen in the soil was found in sedimented organic matter, not readily available for plant uptake. Net nitrogen mineralization, determined using a field incubation method, showed a peak during the months of June/July which resulted in an increase on nitrogen availability. With the exception of the lower salt marsh, estimated rates of in situ net nitrogen mineralization in the soil during summer were well related to the increase in plant aboveground biomass and plant nitrogen pools, indicating that the process is an important source of available nitrogen for plant uptake and growth. Annual net nitrogen mineralization ranged between 2.4 and 4.5gNm^–2yr^{– 1} being significantly higher for the lower salt marsh site. Rates of net nitrogen mineralization were relatively low during most of the year with a particularly active period from June to August, possibly due to an effect of temperature on soil microbial activity.